{"id":29183,"date":"2021-07-29T17:10:45","date_gmt":"2021-07-29T09:10:45","guid":{"rendered":"\/\/www.562part.com\/?p=29183"},"modified":"2022-03-25T10:09:09","modified_gmt":"2022-03-25T02:09:09","slug":"th1-%e5%92%8cth2-t%e7%bb%86%e8%83%9e%e6%9c%89%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e5%8c%ba%e5%88%ab%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.562part.com\/tech-features\/29183\/","title":{"rendered":"Th1-\u548cTh2-T\u7ec6\u80de\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de T\uff08\u6216T \u7ec6\u80de\uff09\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u514d\u75ab\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u673a\u5236\uff08\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u67e5\u770b\u7814\u7a76\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u5148\u5929\u514d\u75ab\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff09\u3002T \u7ec6\u80de\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u4e0e\u5176\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u6297\u539f\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u53d7\u4f53\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5373TCRs\uff08T\u7ec6\u80de\u53d7\u4f53\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de T \u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u6570\u5343\u4e2a\u76f8\u540c\u7684 TCR\uff0c\u4f46\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d TCR \u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5e93\u662f\u663e\u7740\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u80de\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\uff08\u5e76\u54cd\u5e94\uff09\u4efb\u4f55\u5165\u4fb5\u8005\u3002\u4e0e B \u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u7403\u86cb\u767d\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0cTCR \u662f\u7531\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u57fa\u56e0\u7247\u6bb5\u7684\u968f\u673a\u91cd\u6392\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u3002T \u7ec6\u80de\u4ec5\u5728\u6297\u539f\u88ab\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u80bd\u5e76\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u9776\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u6297\u539f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6297\u539f\u5448\u9012\u7ed3\u6784\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u590d\u5408\u4f53(MHC)\u3002MHC-\u6297\u539f\u590d\u5408\u7269\u4e0e TCR \u7ed3\u5408\u662f T \u7ec6\u80de\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

MHC \u5206\u5b50\u662f\u5206\u7c7b\u4e3a I \u7c7b\u6216 II \u7c7b\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762\u7cd6\u86cb\u767d<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

MHC I \u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6709\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002\u5728\u751f\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u5408\u7269\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u7531\u5185\u6e90\u6027\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6b63\u5e38\u66f4\u65b0\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u80bd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\u80bd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de T \u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u75c5\u6bd2\u611f\u67d3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u75c5\u6bd2\u86cb\u767d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u4e2d\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u8bf1\u5bfc T \u7ec6\u80de\u6d3b\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

MHC II \u7c7b\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u6297\u539f\u5448\u9012\u7ec6\u80de (\u00a0APC\u00a0) \u4e0a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5de8\u566c\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u6811\u7a81\u7ec6\u80de\u548c B \u7ec6\u80de\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5316\u7ec6\u80de\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u541e\u566c\u548c\u6d88\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684MHC II \u7c7b\u590d\u5408\u7269\u5c31\u4f1a\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5916\u6e90\u6027\u6297\u539f\u5448\u9012\u7ed9 T \u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6d3b\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c TCR \u548c MHC \u590d\u5408\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u662f T \u7ec6\u80de\u53cd\u5e94\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0cTCR \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f T \u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u4e0a\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u53d7\u4f53\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e CD8 \u6216 CD4 \u5171\u540c\u53d7\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u533a\u5206\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de T \u4e9a\u7fa4\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u6bd2\u6027 T \u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u8fbe\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\uff08CD4\u00a0–<\/sup>\u00a0\/\u00a0CD8\u00a0+<\/sup>\u7ec6\u80de\uff09\uff0c\u800c T \u8f85\u52a9\u7ec6\u80de (Th) \u8868\u8fbe\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a (\u00a0CD4\u00a0+<\/sup>\u00a0\/CD8- \u7ec6\u80de\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ec6\u80de\u6bd2\u6027 T \u7ec6\u80de\u8bc6\u522b\u7531 MHC I \u7c7b\u5206\u5b50\u5448\u9012\u7684\u6297\u539f\u8868\u4f4d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u514b\u9686\u6027\u7ec6\u80de\u6bd2\u6027 T \u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u5316\u4e3a\u6548\u5e94\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5206\u6ccc\u7a7f\u5b54\u7d20\u3001\u9897\u7c92\u9176\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u5bfc\u81f4\u9776\u7ec6\u80de\u88c2\u89e3\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff09\u548c\u9897\u7c92\u6eb6\u7d20\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u8bf1\u5bfc\u9776\u7ec6\u80de\u51cb\u4ea1\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u7834\u574f\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cT \u8f85\u52a9\u7ec6\u80de\u5728\u4e0e APC \u4e0a\u7684 MHC II \u7c7b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u589e\u6b96\u548c\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec6\u80de\u56e0\u5b50\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u5176\u4ed6\u514d\u75ab\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u5728\u9047\u5230\u590d\u6742\u7684 MHC \u80bd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e7c\u7a1a\u7684 CD4+ Th \u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u672a\u5b9a\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u6210\u4e9a\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 Th1\u3001Th2\u3001Th17\u3001Thf\uff08T \u6ee4\u6ce1\u8f85\u52a9\u7ec6\u80de\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e9a\u7ec4\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u90fd\u662f\u5206\u6ccc\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u56e0\u5b50\u8c31.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th1 \u548c Th2 \u7ec6\u80de<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u9274\u4e8e Th1 \u548c Th2 \u5728\u514d\u75ab\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e7c\u7a1a CD4+ T \u7ec6\u80de\u542f\u52a8\u6210 Th1 \u6216 Th2 \u7684\u673a\u5236\u5df2\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u56e0\u5b50\u5fae\u73af\u5883\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea APC \u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff08\u5373 TCR \u5bf9\u80bd\u914d\u4f53\u7684\u4eb2\u548c\u529b\uff09\u662f\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u00a0Th1\u5206\u5316<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u767d\u4ecb\u7d20\u662fIL-12\u548cIFN-y\u3002IL-12 \u7531 APC \u5206\u6ccc\u4ee5\u54cd\u5e94 Toll \u6837\u53d7\u4f53\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8f6c\u5f55\u56e0\u5b50STAT-4\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u8bf1\u5bfc IFN-y \u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u6d89\u53caSTAT-1\u548cT-bet\u3002T-bet \u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f Th1 \u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8c03\u8282\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86 IFN-y \u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8c03 IL-12 \u53d7\u4f53\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb IL-12 \u53cd\u5e94\uff1b\u6291\u5236 Th2 \u8c31\u7cfb\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u6c89\u9ed8 IL-4 \u8868\u8fbe\u5e76\u635f\u5bb3 Th2 \u4e3b\u8c03\u8282\u5668 GATA3 \u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u65e6\u5206\u5316\uff0cTh1 \u6548\u5e94\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u4fc3\u708e\u7ec6\u80de\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u5982 IFN-\u03b3\u3001TNF-\u03b1 \u548c IL-2\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u523a\u6fc0\u5de8\u566c\u7ec6\u80de\u3001NK \u7ec6\u80de\u3001CD8+ \u7ec6\u80de\u6bd2\u6027 T \u7ec6\u80de\u5bf9\u6297\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u75c5\u539f\u4f53.\u00a0\u6b64\u5916\uff0cTh1 \u53cd\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u6fc0\u6d3b CD8+ \u7ec6\u80de\u6bd2\u6027 T \u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de\u53c2\u4e0e\u80bf\u7624\u6e05\u9664\u3002Th1 \u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5931\u8c03\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u514d\u75ab\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Th2\u7ec6\u80de\u53c2\u4e0e\u9632\u5fa1\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8815\u866b\uff09\u548c\u523a\u6fc0\u4f53\u6db2\u53cd\u5e94\uff08\u901a\u8fc7 B \u7ec6\u80de\uff09\u3002\u5728\u75c5\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u80de\u8d1f\u8d23\u51e0\u79cd\u708e\u75c7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fc7\u654f\u53cd\u5e94\u3001\u54ee\u5598\u3001\u7279\u5e94\u6027\u76ae\u708e\u7b49<\/span>
\n\u3002 Th2 \u6781\u5316\u7684\u5173\u952e\u767d\u4ecb\u7d20\u662fIL-4\uff0c\u5b83\u9a71\u52a8 STAT-6 \u78f7\u9178\u5316\u548c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e3b\u8f6c\u5f55\u4e0a\u8c03\u56e0\u5b50GATA-3.\u00a0\u540e\u8005\u4fc3\u8fdb Th2 \u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8bf1\u5bfc Th2 \u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u751f\u957f\uff0c\u6291\u5236 Th1 \u7ec6\u80de\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u523a\u6fc0\u4ecb\u5bfc Th2 \u7ec6\u80de\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u767d\u4ecb\u7d20\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cIL-4\u3001IL-5 \u548c IL-13 \u6709\u52a9\u4e8e B \u7ec6\u80de\u589e\u6b96\u548c\u540c\u79cd\u578b\u4ece\u514d\u75ab\u7403\u86cb\u767d IgG1 \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a IgE\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u611f\u67d3<\/span>
\n\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6297\u4f53\u00a0\u4e0b\u8868\u663e\u793a\u4e86 Th1 \u548c Th2 \u7ec6\u80de\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5dee\u5f02.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\u8bf1\u5bfc\u7ec6\u80de\u56e0\u5b50<\/span><\/td>\n\u5173\u952e\u8f6c\u5f55\u56e0\u5b50<\/span><\/td>\n\u5206\u6ccc\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u56e0\u5b50<\/span><\/td>\n\u56de\u5e94\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span><\/td>\n\u4e3b\u8981\u6548\u5e94\u5668<\/span><\/td>\n\u75c5\u7406\u72b6\u51b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Th1<\/span><\/td>\nIL-12\u3001\u5e72\u6270\u7d20-\u03b3<\/span><\/td>\nSTAT-4, STAT-1, T-bet<\/span><\/td>\nIFN-\u03b3\u3001TNF-\u03b1\u3001IL-2\u3001TNF-\u03b2<\/span><\/td>\n\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec6\u80de\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u514d\u75ab<\/span><\/td>\n\u5de8\u566c\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u6bd2\u6027 T \u7ec6\u80de\u3001B \u7ec6\u80de\u3001NK<\/span><\/td>\n\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u514d\u75ab\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u76f8\u5173\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u591a\u53d1\u6027\u786c\u5316\u75c7\uff09<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Th2<\/span><\/td>\nIL-4<\/span><\/td>\nSTAT-6\u3001GATA-3<\/span><\/td>\nIL-4\u3001IL-5\u3001IL-6\u3001IL-13<\/span><\/td>\n\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f53\u6db2\u514d\u75ab<\/span><\/td>\nB\u7ec6\u80de<\/span><\/td>\n\u708e\u75c7\u53cd\u5e94\uff08\u8fc7\u654f\u3001\u54ee\u5598\u7b49\uff09<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u8868 1.\u00a0\u8be5\u8868\u663e\u793a\u4e86 Th1 \u548c Th2 \u7ec6\u80de\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u60a8\u7684\u708e\u75c7\u7814\u7a76\uff0cEnzo Life Sciences \u7684\u514d\u75ab\u5b66\u4ea7\u54c1\u7ec4\u5408\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217ELISA \u8bd5\u5242\u76d2\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u91cf\u60a8\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u767d\u7ec6\u80de\u4ecb\u7d20\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cIL-4\uff08\u5c0f\u9f20\uff09ELISA \u8bd5\u5242\u76d2\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u8be5\u6807\u8bb0\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u7075\u654f\u5b9a\u91cf\uff0c\u4f4e\u81f3 4.34 pg\/ml\u3002<\/span><\/div>\n
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\uff08\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u81eaenzo\u5b98\u65b9\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u89c1\u540e\u9875\uff09<\/span><\/div>\n
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What is the difference between Th1- and Th2- T cells?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
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Lymphocytes T (or\u00a0T cells<\/b>) are key mediators of\u00a0adaptive immunity<\/b>, the part of the immune system capable of generating a pathogen-specific, long-lasting defense mechanism (for an overview on the topic check out\u00a0Tools to study adaptive and innate immune response). The specificity of the T cells response is related to the antigen-specific receptors they express, the\u00a0TCR<\/b>s (T Cell Receptor). While each lymphocyte T is characterized by the expression of thousands of identical TCRs, the global repertoire of TCRs in the organism is dramatically varied, so that these cells can recognize (and respond to) virtually any intruders. Similar to the immunoglobulins expressed by B cells, TCRs are somatically-generated and their diversity is obtained by random rearrangements of their gene segments. T cells only recognize antigens once these have been processed into peptides and exposed onto the surface of the target cell, in an antigen presentation structure known as the\u00a0Major Histocompatibility Complex<\/b>\u00a0(MHC). The MHC-antigen complex binding to the TCR is the first, mandatory step for T cell activation.<\/span><\/p>\n

MHC molecules are cell surface glycoproteins classified as class I or class II<\/span><\/h2>\n

MHC Class I<\/b>\u00a0can be found in all nucleated cells. In physiological conditions, this complex exposes peptides generated by the normal turnover of endogenous proteins. These \u201cself\u201d peptides will not trigger lymphocyte T activation. On the contrary, following for example virus infection, the viral proteins will also be processed in the cytoplasm and then exposed on the cell surface, inducing T cell activation.<\/span><\/p>\n

MHC Class II<\/b>\u00a0is only present on professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC<\/b>s) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Once a pathogen has been recognized, engulfed, and digested by these specialized cells, their\u00a0MHC class II complex<\/b>\u00a0will present these exogenous antigens to the T cells, eliciting their activation.<\/span><\/p>\n

If the interaction between the TCR and the MHC complex is necessary for T cell response, it is certainly not sufficient. First of all, the TCRs are not the only receptors expressed on T cell membranes. In fact, two major lymphocyte T subsets are distinguished based on the presence of CD8 or CD4 co-receptors: cytotoxic T cells express the first (CD4–<\/sup>\/CD8+<\/sup><\/b>\u00a0cells), whereas T-helper cells (Th) express the second (CD4+<\/sup><\/b>\/CD8- cells).<\/span><\/p>\n

Cytotoxic T cells<\/b>\u00a0recognize antigenic epitopes presented by MHC class I molecules. Upon this interaction, clonal cytotoxic T cells differentiate into effector cells, which in turn secrete perforin, granzyme (a protein that causes lysis of target cells), and granulysin (a substance that induces apoptosis of target cells). Therefore, as suggested by their name, they directly destroy the infected cell.<\/span><\/p>\n

T helper cells instead, following their interaction with the MHC Class II on the APC, proliferate and differentiate, eventually modulating the activity of other immune cells through cytokine production or via cell-to-cell contact. Until they encounter the complex MHC-peptide, the na\u00efve CD4+ Th cells are uncommitted and have the potential to differentiate into subgroups, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, Thf (T follicular helper), each characterized by the secretion of a specific cytokine profile.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th1 and Th2 cells<\/span><\/h2>\n

Given the crucial role of Th1 and Th2 in the immune response, the mechanisms leading to the priming of na\u00efve CD4+ T cells into Th1 or Th2 have been investigated for a long time. Some information may still be missing, but it is clear that the cytokine microenvironment is fundamental in the process, as well as the strength of the stimulatory signals from the APC (i.e. affinity of TCR for the peptide ligand).<\/span><\/p>\n

The most critical interleukins required for\u00a0Th1<\/b>\u00a0differentiation are\u00a0IL-12<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0IFN-y<\/b>. IL-12, secreted by the APCs in response to Toll-like receptor stimulation, leads to the expression of the transcription factor\u00a0STAT-4<\/b>, in turn inducing the production of IFN-y. This creates a positive loop, involving\u00a0STAT-1<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0T-bet<\/b>. T-bet is considered a master regulator of Th1 cells as it further boosts IFN-y expression; promotes IL-12 response by upregulating the IL-12 receptor; inhibits the progression towards the Th2 lineage silencing IL-4 expression and impairing the function of the Th2 master regulator GATA3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Once differentiated, Th1 effector cells are characterized by the production of\u00a0pro-inflammatory cytokines<\/b>\u00a0such as IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-2, capable of stimulating the macrophages, the NK cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells,\u00a0against intracellular pathogens<\/b>. In addition, Th1 response is involved in tumor clearance, via the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The deregulation of the Th1 response has been associated with autoimmune diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th2<\/b>\u00a0cells are implicated in the defense against\u00a0extracellular parasites<\/b>\u00a0(e.g. helminths) and the stimulation of the\u00a0humoral response<\/b>\u00a0(via the B cells). In pathological conditions, these cells are responsible for several inflammatory conditions, such as allergic reactions, asthma, atopic dermatitis, etc.<\/span>
\nThe key interleukin for Th2 polarization is\u00a0IL-4<\/b>, which drives STAT-6 phosphorylation and the consequent upregulation of the master transcription factor\u00a0GATA-3<\/b>. The latter promotes Th2 response inducing the selective growth of Th2 cells, inhibiting Th1 cell-specific factors, and stimulating the production of the interleukins mediating Th2 cell action. For example, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 contribute to B cell proliferation and isotype class switching from immunoglobulin IgG1 to IgE, a key antibody involved in parasitic helminth infection<\/span><\/p>\n

The table below indicates the main differences between Th1 and Th2 cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nInducing cytokines<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nKey Transcription Factors<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nSecreted cytokines<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nResponse against<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nMain effectors<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nPathological conditions<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Th1<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nIL-12, IFN-\u03b3<\/span><\/td>\nSTAT-4, STAT-1, T-bet<\/span><\/td>\nIFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-2, TNF-\u03b2<\/span><\/td>\nIntracellular pathogens, mainly via cell-mediated immunity<\/span><\/td>\nMacrophages, Cytotoxic T Cells, B cells, NK<\/span><\/td>\nAssociated to autoimmune diseases (e.g. Multiple Sclerosis)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Th2<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nIL-4<\/span><\/td>\nSTAT-6, GATA-3<\/span><\/td>\nIL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13<\/span><\/td>\nExtracellular parasites, via humoral immunity<\/span><\/td>\nB cells<\/span><\/td>\nInflammatory reactions (allergy, asthma, etc)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 1.<\/b>\u00a0The table indicates the main differences between Th1 and Th2 cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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To support your inflammation studies, Enzo Life Sciences portfolio in\u00a0Immunology\u00a0includes a reach selection of\u00a0ELISA kits\u00a0for the quantification of your favorite interleukin. For example, the\u00a0IL-4 (mouse), ELISA kit\u00a0allows the sensitive quantification of this marker, down to 4.34 pg\/ml.<\/span><\/p>\n

Looking for recombinant proteins for the immunomodulation for your cells? Our\u00a0human TNF-\u03b1 (cell culture grade)\u00a0may meet your research needs. Check out our catalogue of\u00a0high quality proteins\u00a0and look for your target. Do you have questions on the available tools for your inflammation research? Do you need advice to set up your experiment? Want to learn more about our portfolio? Do not hesitate to reach out to our\u00a0Technical Support Team. We will b<\/span>e happy to assist!<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de T\uff08\u6216T \u7ec6\u80de\uff09\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u514d\u75ab\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u673a\u5236\uff08\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u67e5\u770b\u7814\u7a76\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u5148\u5929\u514d\u75ab\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff09\u3002T \u7ec6\u80de\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u4e0e\u5176\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u6297\u539f\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u53d7\u4f53\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5373TCRs\uff08T\u7ec6\u80de\u53d7\u4f53\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29184,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29183"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29183"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29189,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29183\/revisions\/29189"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29183"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.562part.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}